Nordic countries are all examples Free Internet Listening Music of countries where education is free all the way up including Free Internet Listening Music post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is Free Internet Listening Music not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at a Free Internet Listening Music university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan most nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as England and Germany, have had a history of some Free Internet Listening Music forms of Free Internet Listening Music free education, as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led by Free Internet Listening Music Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed later in the 1980s by the Bob Hawke Labor government. Students and radicals played an important part in forcing Free Internet Listening Music the Whitlam government to implement the Free Internet Listening Music free education system as Free Internet Listening Music well as Free Internet Listening Music opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in Free Internet Listening Music the 1980s.
In some developing Free Internet Listening Music countries like Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the general election on September Free Internet Listening Music 3rd Free Internet Listening Music 2008, the new Prime Free Internet Listening Music Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts Free Internet Listening Music of the world outside Free Internet Listening Music the Nordic countries, free education usually comes to students in Free Internet Listening Music the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover all Free Internet Listening Music or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons for grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions Free Internet Listening Music (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and university which is also free.
reedom is a Free Internet Listening Music very broad concept that Free Internet Listening Music has been given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of Free Internet Listening Music a social and political investigation, Free Internet Listening Music while the metaphysical Free Internet Listening Music foundation Free Internet Listening Music of inner freedom is a philosophical and psychological question. Both Free Internet Listening Music forms of freedom come together in each Free Internet Listening Music individual as the internal and external values mesh together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and the individual fighting for societal acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
In philosophy, freedom often ties Free Internet Listening Music in with the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have Free Internet Listening Music argued that all human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to Free Internet Listening Music be free" - because they always have a choice even an external authority can only threaten punishment after an action, Free Internet Listening Music not physically prevent a person from carrying out an action. At the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that Free Internet Listening Music the future is pre-determined Free Internet Listening Music and freedom is an illusion.
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The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom Free Internet Listening Music to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom Free Internet Listening Music to Free Internet Listening Music develop one's potential. Both these types of freedom are in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking Free Internet Listening Music submission, or without Free Internet Listening Music forceful inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon Free Internet Listening Music a combination of the resistance of the individual (or group) and one's (their) environment; if one is in jail Free Internet Listening Music or even limited by a lack of resources, this person is free within their Free Internet Listening Music power and environment, but not Free Internet Listening Music free to Free Internet Listening Music defy reality. Natural laws restrict Free Internet Listening Music this form of freedom; for instance, no one is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to Free Internet Listening Music do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind of Free Internet Listening Music freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the way of my Free Internet Listening Music action (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices leading Free Internet Listening Music to Free Internet Listening Music action.
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the "source code") Free Internet Listening Music must be Free Internet Listening Music made available. Free Internet Listening Music The source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source code Free Internet Listening Music can Free Internet Listening Music be released into Free Internet Listening Music public domain. The free software movement was Free Internet Listening Music launched in 1983 to make these freedoms available to every computer Free Internet Listening Music user.
From the late 1990s onward, Free Internet Listening Music alternative terms for free software came into Free Internet Listening Music use. "Open source software" is Free Internet Listening Music the most common Free Internet Listening Music such alternative term. Others include "software Free Internet Listening Music libre", "free, libre and open-source software" Free Internet Listening Music ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" Free Internet Listening Music ("FOSS"). The antonym of free software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made available free of charge. Users usually cannot Free Internet Listening Music study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software Free Internet Listening Music is the permission to use the software.
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Since Free Internet Listening Music free software may be freely redistributed, it Free Internet Listening Music generally is available at little or no cost. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on a user having no choice but to pay for a licence in order to lawfully use a software product.
Free software is a Free Internet Listening Music huge international effort, producing software Free Internet Listening Music used by individuals, large organizations, Free Internet Listening Music and governmental Free Internet Listening Music administrations. Free Free Internet Listening Music software has a very high market penetration in server-side Free Internet Listening Music Internet applications such as the Apache web server, MySQL Free Internet Listening Music database, and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used Free Internet Listening Music desktop applications such as web Free Internet Listening Music browsers, office productivity suites, and multimedia players. Free Internet Listening Music It is important to note, however, that in many categories, free software Free Internet Listening Music for individual workstation or home users has only a Free Internet Listening Music fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Most free Free Internet Listening Music software is distributed online without charge, Free Internet Listening Music or off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is Free Internet Listening Music not required, and people may sell copies for Free Internet Listening Music any price.
The economic viability of free software has been recognised by large corporations such as IBM, Red Free Internet Listening Music Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Free Internet Listening Music Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to Free Internet Listening Music the lower initial capital investment and ability Free Internet Listening Music to freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software industries are Free Internet Listening Music beginning Free Internet Listening Music to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed Free Internet Listening Music with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have Free Internet Listening Music also been largely influenced by the free software movement. |
