Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan Free Articles most nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as England and Germany, have had a history of some forms of free education, Free Computers as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Free Articles Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced reforms which Free Articles ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed Free Articles later in Free Articles the 1980s by Free Articles the Bob Free Articles Hawke Labor Free Articles government. Free Articles Students and radicals Free Articles played an important part in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free education system as well as opposing the Free Articles introduction of tertiary Free Articles fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Free Articles Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up Free Articles to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the general election on September 3rd 2008, the Free Articles new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside the Nordic countries, free education usually comes to students Free Articles in the form of scholarship and grants, Free Articles if they cover all or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons for grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have Free Articles economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Free Articles Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and university which is also free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been Free Articles given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies Free Articles and schools Free Articles of thought. The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is Free Articles a philosophical and psychological question. Both Free Ipods forms of freedom come together in each individual Free Articles as the internal and external values mesh Free Articles together in a Free Articles Free Sounds dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and the individual fighting for societal acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
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In philosophy, freedom often ties in with the question of free Free Articles will. Libertarian philosophers Free Articles have argued that all human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Free Laptop Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to be free" - because they always have a choice even an external authority can only threaten punishment after an action, not physically prevent Free Articles a person from carrying out an Free Articles action. At the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom is an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom Free Articles to" Free Articles (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to develop one's potential. Both these types of freedom are in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Free Articles Rights.
Freedom as the Free Articles absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or without forceful inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon Free Articles a combination of the Free Articles resistance Free Articles of the individual (or group) and Free Articles one's (their) environment; if one is in Free Articles jail or even limited Free Articles by a lack Free Articles of resources, this person is free within their power and environment, but not free to defy reality. Natural laws restrict this form Free Articles of freedom; for instance, no one is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind of Free Articles freedom "negative Free Articles freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the Free Articles way of my action (especially Free Articles by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices leading to action.
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form Free Articles either Free Articles without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the "source code") must Free Articles be made available. The Free Articles source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above permissions (a free software licence), or, much Free Articles less commonly, the source code Free Articles can be released Free Articles into public domain. The free software movement was launched in 1983 to make these freedoms available to every computer user.
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From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. "Open source software" Free Articles is the most common such Free Articles alternative term. Others include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" Free Articles ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym Free Articles of free software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which Free Adult Online Games is proprietary software made available free of charge. Free Articles Users Free Articles usually cannot study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software Free Articles is the permission to use the software.
Since free software may be freely Free Articles redistributed, it generally is available at Free Articles little or no cost. Free software business models are usually based on Free Articles adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, Free Articles such as Free Articles those that depend on a user having no choice but to pay for a licence in order to lawfully use a software product.
Free software is a huge international effort, producing software used by Free Articles individuals, large organizations, and Free Articles governmental administrations. Free software has Free Articles a very Free Articles high market penetration Free Articles in server-side Internet applications such as the Apache web server, MySQL database, and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as large Free Articles packages of basic system software such as the many Linux Free Articles distributions Free Articles and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created Free Articles free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web browsers, office productivity suites, and multimedia players. It is important to Free Articles note, however, that in Free Articles many categories, free software for individual Free Articles workstation Free Articles or home users has only a fraction Free Articles of the market share Free Articles of their proprietary competitors. Most free software Free Articles is distributed online without charge, or Free Articles off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not Free Articles required, and people may sell copies Free Articles for any price.
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The economic viability of Free Articles free software has been recognised by large corporations such as IBM, Red Hat, and Free Articles Sun Microsystems. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software Free Articles for their Free Articles Internet information and Free Articles sales Free Articles sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely Free Articles customize the application Free Quicktime packages. Also, some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their Free Articles research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses Free Articles (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Free Articles Commons and the free culture movement have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. |
