Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free Free Laptop all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even Free Laptop a fee for foreign students enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they Free Laptop may not be eligible for Free Laptop the monthly study allowance and loan most nationals are.
Several other Free Laptop European countries, such as England and Free Laptop Germany, have had a history of some Free Laptop forms of free Free Laptop education, as Free Laptop well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Free Laptop Labor Party led by Prime Minister Free Laptop Gough Whitlam introduced reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed later in Free Laptop the Free Laptop 1980s by the Bob Hawke Free Laptop Labor government. Students and radicals played an important part Free Laptop in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free Free Laptop education system as well as opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the general election on September 3rd 2008, the new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside Free Laptop the Nordic Free Laptop countries, free education usually Free Laptop comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover all or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons for grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. Free Laptop They may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), Free Laptop humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and Free Laptop university which is also Free Laptop free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been given numerous different Free Laptop interpretations by Free Laptop different philosophies Free Laptop and schools of thought. The Free Laptop protection of interpersonal Free Laptop freedom Free Laptop can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a philosophical and psychological question. Both Free Laptop forms of freedom Free Laptop come together in each individual as the internal Free Laptop and external values mesh together in a Free Laptop dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and the individual fighting for societal Free Laptop acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
In philosophy, freedom often Free Laptop ties in Free Laptop with Free Laptop the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued Free Laptop that all human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that Free Laptop humans are "condemned Free Wills To Print to be free" - because they always have a choice even Free Amature Sex Videos an external authority can only threaten punishment after an action, not physically prevent a person from carrying out Free Laptop an action. At Free Laptop the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom Free Flv Converter is Free Laptop an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom Free Laptop from" (negative Free Laptop freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and Free Computers freedom to develop one's Free Laptop potential. Both these types of freedom are Free Laptop in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as Free Laptop the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or without forceful Free Laptop inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon a combination of the Free Laptop resistance of the individual (or group) and one's (their) Free Laptop environment; if one is in jail or even limited by a Free Laptop lack of resources, this person is free within their power and environment, but Free Laptop not free to defy reality. Natural laws restrict this form of freedom; for instance, no one is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind Free Laptop of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the way of Free Laptop my action (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices leading to action.
|
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the Free Laptop human readable form of the program Free Laptop (the "source code") must be made available. The source Free Laptop code may Free Laptop be either accompanied by a notice Free Laptop granting the Free Laptop above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less Free Laptop commonly, the source Free Laptop code can be released into public domain. The free software movement was launched Free Laptop in 1983 to make these freedoms available to every computer user.
From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. "Open source Free Laptop software" is the most common such alternative term. Others include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and Free Laptop open source software" ("FOSS"). Free Laptop The antonym of free software is "proprietary software" Free Laptop or non-free software.
Free software is Free Laptop distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made available free of charge. Users usually cannot study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with Free Laptop free software is Free Laptop the permission to use the Free Laptop software.
Since free software may be freely redistributed, it generally is Free Laptop available at little or no cost. Free software business models are Free Laptop usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work Free Laptop with proprietary software are not compatible with free Free Laptop software, such as those that depend on a user having no choice Free Laptop but to Free Laptop pay for a Free Laptop licence in order to lawfully use a software Free Laptop Free Ipods product.
Free software is a Free Laptop huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and governmental Free Laptop administrations. Free software has Free Laptop a very high Free Laptop market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Apache web server, MySQL database, and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux distributions and Free Laptop FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web browsers, office productivity suites, and multimedia players. It is important to note, however, that in many categories, free software for individual workstation or Free Laptop home users has only a fraction of the market share of Free Laptop their proprietary Free Laptop competitors. Most free software is distributed online without charge, or off-line at the marginal Free Laptop cost of distribution, but this is not required, and people may sell copies for any Free Laptop Free Sounds price.
The economic viability of free Free Laptop software has been recognised by large Free Laptop corporations such as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used Free Laptop in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards more Free Laptop open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Free Laptop Commons and the free culture movement have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. |
