Science and Civilization in Islam |
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Abū al-Bīrūnī al-Din al-Fārābī al-Ghazzālī al-Ma'mun al-Ṭūsī alchemist alchemy algebra Alhazen animals Arabic Aristotelian Aristotle aspects astronomical Averroes Avicenna Baghdad became become body Book branches Brethren of Purity called cause century Christianity cosmic cosmology cosmos cube Divine doctrines domain earth elements epicycle existence fact famous figures followed fourth/tenth geographical geometrical gnosis gnostic Greek heart heavens Hermeticism humor Ibn Khaldun Indian Intellect Islamic astronomy Islamic medicine Islamic science Islamic world Jābir Jundishapur knowledge known later Latin mathematicians mathematics matter means medieval mercury metals metaphysical modern motion Muḥammad ibn Muslim Nature number equal observatory perfection Peripatetic Persian philosophers physical physician planets principles Prophet Ptolemy Qur'ān Quran regarded religious Rhazes root scholars scientists Shiite soul sphere spiritual square substance Sufi Sufism sulfur symbolic texts theory things tion tradition translated treatises unity universe vein West writings wrote