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The Quine Page - http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm
Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages. |
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The Computer Language Benchmarks Game - http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/
Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages. |
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Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails - http://www.oreillynet.com/ruby/blog/2007/09/7_reasons_i_switched_back_to_p_1.html
Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom. |
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ACM "Hello, World" Project - http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml
List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages. |
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Lisp as an Alternative to Java - http://www.norvig.com/java-lisp.html
Brief text on comparisons of C, C++, Java, Lisp, Ron Garret / Erann Gat study, with conforming example program Lisp source code; very useful links. |
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Java vs. JavaScript - http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html
Compares similarities, differences. By First Step Communications. |
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Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html
Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C |
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TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI - http://www.tiobe.com/content/paperinfo/tpci/
Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo. |
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HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages - http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/
History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree. |
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What I Hate About Your Programming Language - http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html
Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] |
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99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages. |
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Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages - http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html
By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples. |
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Lisp as an Alternative to Java - http://www.flownet.com/gat/papers/lisp-java.pdf
Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence] |
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An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program - http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprtTR.pdf
One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. |
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What's Wrong with Perl - http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html
Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links. |
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PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - http://pleac.sourceforge.net/
Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl. |
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Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison - http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/
Text and tables compare 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better. |
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C# from a Java Developer's Perspective - http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html
Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources. |
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Accumulator Generator - http://www.paulgraham.com/accgen.html
Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham] |
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Ray Tracer Language Comparison - http://www.ffconsultancy.com/languages/ray_tracer/
Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy] |
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University of Michigan's Language Guide - http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/
Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references. |
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Python Compared to Other Languages - http://wiki.python.org/moin/LanguageComparisons
Many links to comparisons involving Python. |
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What Languages Fix - http://paulgraham.com/fix.html
Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham] |
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Programming Languages Mini-howto - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html
Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka. |
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Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations - http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes. |
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Programming Language Comparison - http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic. |
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Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality - http://www.erlang.se/publications/Ulf_Wiger.pdf
Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size. |
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Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O - http://www.osnews.com/story/5602
Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#. |
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The BNF Web Club Language - http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/
Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5. |
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C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.) - http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/SOFTWARE/OO/tools/java/misc/ACritiqueOfC++.pdf
A critical view on the C++ and C programming language. |
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The C Family of Languages - http://www.gotw.ca/publications/c_family_interview.htm
Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling. |
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An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl - http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf
By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer] |
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Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html
Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages. |
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Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby - http://mjtsai.com/blog/2002/11/25/perl_vs_python_vs_ruby/
Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog. |
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Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html
Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing. |
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The ROT13 Page - http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/
ROT13 implemented in many programming languages. |
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1% the Code - http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html
Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples. |
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Programming Language Benchmarks - http://dan.corlan.net/bench.html
Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples. |
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Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm
Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table. |
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CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison - http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html
References, zipped Postscript, and inlined gifs. |
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Language Options Comparison - http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm
Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table. |
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Programming Languages Study - http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/
Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages. |
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Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages - http://cer.freeshell.org/renma/
Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme. |
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C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression - http://www.dmh2000.com/cjpr/
Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language. |
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Syntax Across Languages - http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html
Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages. |
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Programming Language Categories - http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html
Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core. |
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Ada 95, Java, and C++ - http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html
Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax. |
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Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages - http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html
Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan. |
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The Zen of Python - http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html
Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters. |
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Dylan Competitive Analysis - http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/cs212/handouts/comparison.htm
Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document. |
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A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/lang_cmp.en.htm
Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top. |
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ASP vs. PHP - http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php
Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews] |
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Comparing PHP with Other Languages - http://www.procata.com/blog/archives/2006/02/09/comparing-php-with-other-languages/
Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP] |
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D vs Other Languages - http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/comparison.html
Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars] |
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Programming Information from HB - http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html
Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP. |
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In Search of the Ideal Programming Language - http://members.aol.com/SergeyP/paper.html
Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language. |
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A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications - http://www.adacore.com/wp-content/files/attachments/PaperPresentationAE2006-Brosgol.pdf
Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams. |
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Function.Name - http://function.name/
A reference book of functions and languages. You will find descriptions of these languages, and also can independently add descriptions to languages and functions. Manuals for PHP, Python, Ruby, C, Assembler and others. |
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Forth and Not C - http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthnc.htm
Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth. |
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Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web - http://faculty.frostburg.edu/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm
General feature comparisons, explanations. |
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History and Comparison of Programming Languages - http://www.gavilan.edu/csis/languages/history.html
Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages. |
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Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages - http://www.coyotegulch.com/reviews/number_crunching/
Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform. |
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Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared - http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html
Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80. |
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Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - http://www.fatalmind.com/papers/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf
Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples. |
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The Case against C - http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjr/C/
Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives. |
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Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal? - http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html
Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references. |
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Comparing Mercury and Haskell - http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/research/mercury/information/comparison_with_haskell.html
Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell. |
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Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire - http://linuxgazette.net/issue33/burtch.html
Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette] |
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Popular Programming Languages - http://www.scriptol.org/choose.php
Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks. |
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A Comparative Overview of C# - http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm
Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari. |
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Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future? - http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/
Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com] |
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Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm
Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts. |
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Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-529641.html
Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] |
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Forth Versus C - http://www.inventio.co.uk/forthvsc.htm
Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers. |
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Reasons for TOM - http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml
TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk. |
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Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I - http://teameiffel.blogspot.com/2006/06/zen-of-python-part-i.html
Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules. |
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Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems - http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/sai/ss96/uxdb2/comparison.html
Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl. |
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Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++ - http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp
Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk] |
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Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] |
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TMXxine Languages - http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html
Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples. |
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Is .NET's C Sharper Than C++ or Java? - http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor] |
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Java and C-sharp Compared - http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive96.html
Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples. |
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Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages - http://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/16100316?_requestid=442880
Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com. |
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C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1 - http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-11-2000/jw-1122-csharp1.html
Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld] |
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Java Benchmark - http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html
By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet. |
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C# Strikes a Chord - http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184404409
Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal] |
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Java vs Ruby: A Comparison of the Key Elements - http://www.developer.com/open/article.php/3716356/
Compares building blocks of two languages, in text and code samples. Developer.com. |
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Java vs. C# - http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html
Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared. |
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Languages Versus D - http://www.prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?LanguagesVersusD
Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content] |
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Why to Move from ASM to C - http://www.scienceprog.com/why-to-move-from-asm-to-c/
Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg. |
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Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda - http://www.infoplanic.ch/teko/thema/pascal/pashtml/critique.html
Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney. |
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Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison - http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3
A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages. |
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Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang - http://eric_rollins.home.mindspring.com/erlangAnt.html
Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs. |
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Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why? - http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/10/haskell_and_scheme_which_one_a.php
Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math. |
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Advanced Programming Language Design - http://www.mypearsonstore.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=9780805311914
Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley. |
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Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - ftp://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/
Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions). |
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Comparing Python and Ruby - http://ruby.brian-schroeder.de/editierdistanz/
Informal experiment on different look of Python and Ruby edit-distance programs; text, tables, download files. |
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Contrast Ruby and Other Languages - http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~gotoken/ruby/compar.shtml
Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short, some humor. English, Japanese version. |
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Is Ada a Better C? - http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html
Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine] |
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Io Comparisons - http://www.iolanguage.com/about/simplicity/
Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl. |
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A Comparison between 10 Languages - http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/s-direktnet/langcomp.en.html
Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk. |
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Schizoid Classes: Of Class, Type, and Method - http://acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=205
Compares Java and Smalltalk, in text and table. By Rodney Bates. [ACM Queue] |
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Eiffel and Delphi Compared - http://www.berenddeboer.net/eiffel/eiffel_and_delphi.html
Text compares differences of several main aspects. |
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Water Comparisons - http://waterlanguage.org/Comparisons.html
Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP. |